We brought together autonomous skateboards, drones, Aldebaran's NAO humanoids, and two custom mid-size humanoid robots — Adam and Eve — built specifically for us by KAIST.
In 2014, while keeping my residence in Tennessee, I moved to Amsterdam for under a year to serve as CEO of Robot City Amsterdam, leading the operations and European launch of what was conceived as the first large-scale public encounter between humans and a roomful of humanoid robots. I ran the international presentation and secured the partnerships that made it possible — including direct collaboration with the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), one of the most respected robotics research universities in the world, and with Aldebaran Robotics of Paris, the makers of NAO.
KAIST custom-built two midsize humanoids for our showcase. We named them Adam and Eve. They walked, gestured, and interacted with each other and with the audience. American and Japanese partners came on board after seeing what we had assembled. It was, for its moment, unprecedented.
ADAM & EVECustom humanoid robots built by KAIST for Robot City Amsterdam
The robots got the headlines. But the part of the project that I cared about most was the smallest robot in the room.
The NAO robot had a noble mission. It was teaching children with autism how to speak.
Aldebaran's NAO — a 23-inch humanoid with a curved white shell and a deliberately non-threatening face — was being deployed in classrooms across Europe to work with children on the autism spectrum. Many of these children were uncomfortable communicating with adult humans. But they would communicate with NAO. They would imitate it. They would speak to it. And through it, they would begin to speak to the world.
Research from Paris's François Truffaut day hospital, from MIT, from clinical trials across multiple countries, confirmed what teachers had already seen in the room: NAO's neutrality, its humanoid shape, its child-friendly size — these things gave children with violent or withdrawn behavior a path back to communication that the conventional therapeutic toolkit had not provided.
In 2012, SoftBank acquired Aldebaran for approximately $100 million. Over the following decade, SoftBank quietly de-prioritized the educational and autism-therapy mission in favor of retail and concierge applications. The company was sold again in 2022. In 2025, Aldebaran filed for receivership with a $29 million operating loss. The NAO autism program — perhaps the most beautiful application of humanoid robotics ever attempted — was effectively abandoned.
I will believe to my last day that this was one of the most important uses of technology of our generation, and that letting it die was a quiet tragedy. I helped showcase what it could do. I am still trying to find a way to bring something like it back.